| Sea eagles Temporal range: Eocene–Recent | |
|---|---|
| File:Haliaeetus leucocephalus2.jpg | |
| Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Inopinaves |
| Clade: | Afroaves |
| Superorder: | Accipitrimorphae |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Subfamily: | Buteoninae |
| Tribe: | Milvini |
| Genus: | Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809 |
A sea eagle (also called erne or ern, mostly in reference to the White-tailed Eagle) is any of the birds of prey in the genus Haliaeetus[1] or the genus Ichthyophaga in the bird of prey family Accipitridae.
Description[]
Sea eagles vary in size, from the Sanford's Fish Eagle averaging 2–2.7 kg to the huge Steller's Sea Eagle weighing up to 9 kg.[2] At up to 6.9 kg, the White-tailed Eagle is the largest eagle in Europe. Bald Eagles can weigh up to 6.3 kg, making them the largest eagle native to North America. The White-bellied Sea Eagle can weigh up to 3.4 kg.[2] Their diets consist mainly of fish and small mammals.
Taxonomy[]
Haliaeetus is possibly one of the oldest genera of living birds. A distal left tarsometatarsus (DPC 1652) recovered from early Oligocene deposits of Fayyum, Egypt (Jebel Qatrani Formation, c.33 mya) is similar in general pattern and some details to that of a modern sea-eagle.[3] The genus was present in the middle Miocene (12-16 mya) with certainty.[4]
Their closest relatives are the fishing-eagles in the genus Ichthyophaga, very similar to the tropical Haliaeetus species.[2] The relationships to other genera in the family are less clear; they have long been considered closer to the genus Milvus (kites) than to the true eagles in the genus Aquila on the basis of their morphology and display behaviour,[2][5] more recent genetic evidence agrees with this, but points to them being related to the genus Buteo (buzzards) as well, a relationship not previously thought close.[6]
The origin of the sea eagles and fishing-eagles is probably in the general area of the Bay of Bengal. During the Eocene/Oligocene, as the Indian subcontinent slowly collided with Eurasia, this was a vast expanse of fairly shallow ocean; the initial sea eagle divergence seems to have resulted in the four tropical (and Southern Hemisphere subtropical) species found around the Indian Ocean today. The Central Asian Pallas's Sea-eagle's relationships to the other taxa is more obscure; it seems closer to the three Holarctic species which evolved later and may be an early offshoot of this northward expansion; it does not have the hefty yellow bill of the northern forms, retaining a smaller darker beak like the tropical species.[6]
The rate of molecular evolution in Haliaeetus is fairly slow, as is to be expected in long-lived birds which take years to successfully reproduce. In the mtDNA cytochrome b gene, a mutation rate of 0.5–0.7% per million years (if assuming an Early Miocene divergence) or maybe as little as 0.25–0.3% per million years (for a Late Eocene divergence) has been shown.[6]
A 2005 molecular study found that the genus is paraphyletic and subsumes Ichthyophaga, the species diverging into a temperate and tropical group.[7]
Species[]
There are eight living species:[2]
- Steller's Sea Eagle (H. pelagicus)
- Pallas's Fish Eagle (H. leucoryphus)
- White-tailed Eagle (H. albicilla)
- Bald Eagle (H. leucocephalus)
These birds are also included in Ichthyophaga [8]:
- White-bellied Sea Eagle (I. leucogaster)
- Sanford's Sea Eagle (I. sanfordi)
- African Fish Eagle (I. vocifer)
- Madagascar Fish Eagle (I. vociferoides)
Three obvious species pairs exist: White-tailed and Bald Eagles, Sanford's and White-bellied Sea Eagles, and the African and Madagascar Fish Eagles.[6] Each of these consists of a white- and a tan-headed species, and the tails are entirely white in all adult Haliaeetus except Sanford's, White-bellied, and Pallas's.
Webcams[]
Nesting pairs of both the Bald Eagle and White-bellied Sea Eagle have been subject to live streaming web cam footage.[9][10]
References[]
- ^ Etymology: New Latin "sea-eagle", from Ancient Greek [1] Template:Polytonic (haliaetos) or Template:Polytonic (haliaietos, poetic (e.g. Homeric) variant), "sea-eagle, osprey" (hali, "at sea" (dative case), + aetos, "eagle"). The two variant Greek forms lie behind the equally correct Latinizations haliaetus (as in Pandion haliaetus) and haliaeetus.
- ^ a b c d e del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994.
- ^ Rasmussen, D., Tab, O., Storrs, L., & Simons, E. L. (1987). Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 62: 1-20. PDF Fulltext (file size 8.1 MB)
- ^ Lambrecht, K. (1933). Handbuch der Palaeornithologie. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin.
- ^ Brown, L. H, & Amadon, D. (1968). Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World. Country Life Books, Feltham.
- ^ a b c d Wink, Heidrich & Fentzloff 1996.
- ^ LM2005.pdf
- ^ John H. Boyd III (January 26, 2012). "ACCIPITRIMORPHAE: Cathartiformes, Accipitriformes". TiF Checklist. Retrieved 19-04-2024. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ^ AFP. "Eagle cam becomes net sensation". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- ^ "EagleCam". Birds Australia website. Birds Australia. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- Sources
- del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-15-6.
- doi: 10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X
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