| Mirandornithes Temporal range: Oligocene-Recent, 25–0 Ma | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Aequorlitornithes |
| (unranked): | Mirandornithes Sangster, 2005 |
| Orders | |
Mirandornithes (name coined by Sangster (2005)[1]) is a clade that consists of flamingos and grebes. Many scholars use the term Phoenicopterimorphae for the superorder containing flamingoes and grebes.[2][3]
Taxonomy[]
Determining the relationships of both groups has been problematic. Flamingos had been placed with numerous branches within Neognathae, such as ducks and storks. The grebes had been placed with the loons. However recent studies have confirmed these two branches as sister groups.[4][5][6][7][8][9][3]
Both primitive phoenicopteriformes and their closest relatives, the grebes, were highly aquatic. This indicates that the entire mirandornithe group evolved from aquatic, probably swimming ancestors.[6]
Species[]
| Species of Phoenicopterus in TiF order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Family Subfamily • Tribe |
Genus Author |
Common name | Ref |
| Phoenicopteridae |
Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Flamingo | TiF |
| Species (author[s]) Common name(s) Image |
Measurements | Distribution map Status |
Other links |
|
Chilean Flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1782 
|
File:Phoenicopterus chilensis map.svg Lower risk, NT 
|
TiF[10] IUCN[11] | |
|
Greater Flamingo Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus Pallas, 1811 
|
File:Phoenicopterus roseus dist-map.png Lower risk, LC 
|
TiF[10] IUCN[12] | |
|
American Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758 
|
File:Phoenicopterus ruber dist-map.png Lower risk, LC
|
TiF[10] IUCN[13] | |
| Species | Image | Geographic location and status | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) |
|
West Africa, East Africa, South Africa, Madagascar, Arabian peninsula to Pakistan and India.[14] | |
| James's Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) |
|
High Andean plateaus of Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.[15] | |
| Andean Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus) |
|
 High Andean plateaus of Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina. Vagrant to Brazil.[16] | |
| Horned Grebe/Slavonian Grebe (Podiceps auritus) |
|
Old World and New World | |
| Black-necked Grebe/Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) |
|
Found on nearly every continent except South America, Australasia and Antarctica. From Europe to central, eastern and western Asia, southwest Palearctic, east Africa, southern Africa, southwest Canada, western US, central Mexico, wintering as far south as Guatemala.[17] | |
| Red-necked Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) |
|
| |
| Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) |
|
Throughout North, Central and South America. Vagrant to Europe.[18] In the United Kingdom, the visits have numbered 37 sightings as of 2007, | |
Synapomorphies[]
According to Mayr (2004) and Sangster (2005) there are at least twelve distinct morphological synapomorphies that are unique to this clade:[1]
- "At least the fourth to seventh cervical vertebrae strongly elongate, with processus spinosus forming a marked ridge.
- Humerus with a marked oval depression at insertion site of musculus scapulohumeralis cranialis.
- At least 23 presacral vertebrae.
- At least four thoracic vertebrae fused to a notarium.
- Distal end of ulna with marked oval depression radialis.
- Phalanx proximalis digiti majoris very elongate and narrow craniocaudally.
- Distal rim of condylus medialis of tibiotarsus distinctly notched.
- Pars acetabularis of musculus iliotibialis lateralis absent.
- Pars caudalis of musculus caudofemoralis absent.
- Wing with 12 primaries
- Left arteria carotis reduced or absent.
- Eggs covered with a chalky layer of amorphous calcium phosphate."
Distribution[]
Flamingos are found in southern US, Mexico, Caribbean, northern South America, southern South America, southern Europe, Africa, and Asia. Flamingos became extinct in Australia.[19]
Horned Grebe is one of the widest ranging grebes — it breeds in Iceland, northern United Kingdom and Scandinavia in Europe, and throughout the centre of Russia to the Pacific coast, southern Alaska (USA), in most of western and central Canada, and in northern USA. Wintering grounds occur further south, including the North Sea, Adriatic Sea, Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, the coast Japan, Korea and China, and the USA down to California on the Pacific coast and Texas on the Atlantic coast (del Hoyo et al. 1992).[20][21]
Red-necked is found in Western Canada, northwest US, eastern Russia, northeast China, northern Japan. Winters in Japan, Korea, Aleutian Islands to California, eastern US, south to Florida; Eastern Europe, west and west-central Asia and wintering from North Sea, Black Sea and Caspian Sea (del Hoyo, et al.)[20][22]
Pied-billed Grebe is generally a New World species, found throughout North, Central and South America, but as of lately (recently as 2007), in the United Kingdom, there are have been 37 sightings; appearing generally in October to January.[23] One bird in England bred with a Little Grebe, producing hybrid young.[24]
References[]
- ^ a b Sangster, G. (July 2005). "A name for the flamingo-grebe clade". Ibis. 147 (3): 612–615. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00432.x.
- ^ Joel Cracraft; et al. "Justifications of names for higher taxa" (PDF).
- ^ a b Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (12 December 2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. PMC 4405904Freely accessible. PMID 25504713. doi:10.1126/science.1253451.
- ^ Tuinen, Van; Butvill, M.; Kirsch, D.B.; Hedges, S.B. (7 July 2001). "Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds". Proc. R. Soc. B. 268 (1474): 1345–1350. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1679.
- ^ Chubb, A.L. (January 2004). "New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: The phylogenetic utility of ZENK (i)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (1): 140–151. PMID 15022765. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00159-3.
- ^ a b Mayr, G. (February 2004). "Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x.
- ^ Fain, M.G. Houde (November 2004). "Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds". Evolution. 58 (11): 2558–2573. PMID 15612298. doi:10.1554/04-235.
- ^ Ericson, J.I.; Anderson, P.G.P.; Britton, C.L.; Elzanowski, T.; Johansson, A.; Kllersj, U.S.; Ohlson, M.; Parsons, T.J. (22 December 2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils". Biology Letters. 2 (4): 543–547. PMC 1834003Freely accessible. PMID 17148284. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523.
- ^ Hackett, S.J.; et al. (27 June 2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. PMID 18583609. doi:10.1126/science.1157704.
- ^ a b c Boyd, John (February 28, 2015). "Phoenicopteridae" (v. 2.64d ed.).
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Phoenicopterus chilensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Phoenicopterus roseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Phoenicopterus ruber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Phoeniconaias minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Phoenicoparrus jamesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Phoenicoparrus andinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Podiceps nigricollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Podilymbus podiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ Simpson & Day (1999). A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, 6th Edition. Penguin. ISBN 0-691-04995-5.
- ^ a b del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Podiceps auritus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Podiceps grisegena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ "Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps". Grebes. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ^ Newton, Ian (2008). The Migration Ecology of Birds. London, UK: Academic Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-12-517367-4.
External links[]
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This article is part of Project Bird Taxonomy, a All Birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order, family and other taxonomic rank related to birds. |